- Hopkins 1974
- Electric Communication in Fish. American Scientist, 62: 426-437.
- Mago-Leccia 1994
- Electric fishes of the continental waters of America: Classification and catalogue of the Electric Fishes of the Order Gymnotiformes (Teleostei: Ostariophysi), with descriptions of new genera and species. FUDECI. Biblioteca de la Academia de Ciencas Fisicas, Matematicas y Naturales Vol.XXIX. Caracas, Venezuela. 206 pp.
- Moller 1995
- Electric Fishes. History and behaviour. Chapman & Hall, Fish and Fisheries Series 17. London, 584 p., ISNB 0 412 37380 7.
- Moller 1989
- Electric organ discharge displays during social encounter in the weakly electric fish Brienomyrus niger L. (Mormyridae). Ethology 82: 177-191.
- Emde 1992
- Electrolocation of capacitive objects in four species of pulse-type weakly electric fish. II.Electric signalling behaviour. Ethology 92: 177-192
- Quinet 1971
- Etude systématique des organes sensoriels de la peau des Mormyriformes (Pisces, Mormyriformes) Annls. Mus. r. Afr. cent., 190: 1-97, fig. 1-44.
- Emde, Bleckmann 1992b
- Extreme phase sensitivity of afferents which innervate mormyromast electroreceptors. Naturwissenschaften 79: 131-133.